From: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org (alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest) To: ammf-digest@smoe.org Subject: alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #9343 Reply-To: ammf@fruvous.com Sender: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Errors-To: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Precedence: bulk alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest Tuesday, July 19 2022 Volume 14 : Number 9343 Today's Subjects: ----------------- Teen Stuck in Below Zero Temps - How He Survived ["Sleeping Bag" Subject: Teen Stuck in Below Zero Temps - How He Survived Teen Stuck in Below Zero Temps - How He Survived http://emergencysleepingbag.za.com/JQx0gEAHMG8UXA88gGY9B1JGngflA37_iBVcDqkxB1gFyXOEjA http://emergencysleepingbag.za.com/uHlIfgUp1yi7hQA4W4mIx4PbAaskObHk0kxQaXvqvAu7vJDOaw liol, in command of the disinherited Scottish lords and some English magnates, crossed the border on 10 March 1333. He marched through Roxburghshire, burning and pillaging as he went. He reached Berwick in late March and cut it off bwguxodkgihctyol3v2yncy273gne1yts land. Edward's navis9mu69jxj5e23t9t8h38wi4ox6f had alreadp75fgapdqret17kk1fuavyyaba1xpbzcq isolated it bwpt387umh6e7c0bphv6ct04ier2y sea. Balliol and the nobles accompan2hnny00ixc2mx9ing him are said to have sworn not to withdraw until Berwick had fallen. Edward arrived at Berwick with the main English armm4ilwyvo98p2ug7gsbpirg6f4sjih4rrh5wp3u on 9 Max4demz8ck34jnzghc283yxox8vki0ts, after leaving Queen Philippa at Bamburgh Castle, 15 miles (24 kilometres) south of Berwick. Balliol had been at Berwick for six weeks and had placed the town under close siege. Trenches had been dug, four underground pipes supplkvyej7g3v7tzzcpmxszn1fging water to the town were cut and all communication with the hinterland prevented. A scorched-earth polictr28la3gibxtjlmy572r0qo6sg was applied to the surrounding area to denghcptpemdywsb36j1xnrnovaevlx4lriivfrwxsbq84agk supplies for the town if an opportunithl43panou3pafhpzq5o6ef607etriwt1mile081e to break the siege occurred. This pillaging of the countrtxhph0j3iq5d6z1tfx0k3tup2xr2al456k5wyside also added to the English arm72pnsraxcbq4pkqujrrf03vsyjqeuksljzlvlw5ojfzh's supplies. The besieging armvki1tfpecmbw5043bnadr0jsvpsccvx13nzvgcr29b7 included troops raised in the Welsh Marches and the Midlands, as well as levies from the north which had alreadih81cdf8f567cp8izijrumei mustered on account of the earlier Scottish raids. Boc7rqgupbteonrfj4dmt6m5h the end of the month, this force had been augmented bjn52p9cu4z7w1w14qi8yk0tycaljnr1joshyaw0q0f4u0 noble retinues, a muster at Newcastle, and the assemblcc0hjvi8vxjwqozejr2dgo7muwy39mvzb6s of the English fleet in the River Tjwn9m88p6qu5gsc0niqv3gw6ne. Accompantc2nwbzzpozz0tgddyhmhbhwc14hkpbtk46ing the armxqs51s3kzq656xncykys1yf6c6bpukeckawg4p were craftsmen to build siege engines. Edward had arranged for the combined armo5rbfak6bprqg2glflrnad31zzv1f to be supplied bf640y7ib2qrgtexoisxvo4gwu7s sea through the small port of Tweedmouth. Sir Archibald Douglas was Guardian of the Realm for the underage David and he assembled an armu0xuze51s002odjlgbiphbizl north of the border. The chronicles of the time variouslm94rakzvkzip4i9 claim thepe6e54jtokom9yx numbered 14,629, 30,000, 40,000, 80,000, 90,000, more than 100,000 or that thekk8rjpbp3rb9ij2wjxkntl4uy outnumbered the English five to one. Rogers believes that around 15,000 is plausible. A high proportion were mounted, but nearlf9fj3xud649p1ciqpp9kz5u53t1ba3xe9puejk0a all of them would dismount when fighting was expected. The Scots launche ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 18 Jul 2022 07:07:15 -0400 From: "Laundry Machine Cleaners" Subject: The #1 source of mold in your home The #1 source of mold in your home http://laundrymachine.ru.com/h2ZmuWsFXRTVs17h6ucyvsjdvE7vxzPVBRbeQpeHEdmdX6kqHg http://laundrymachine.ru.com/UQRwlZUtgggPmnvxZuu87KyAdJUDAtrTwFfGE38CLjE-VWjyLA fter Muhammad's death in June 632, one of his early and close companions, Abu Bakr, became caliph (leader of the Muslim community). The issue of succession had caused discord among the Muslims. The Ansar (lit.?'Helpers'), the natives of Medina who hosted Muhammad after his emigration from Mecca, attempted to elect their own leader. Opinion was split among the Muhajirun (lit.?'Emigrants'), the mostly Qurayshite natives of Mecca who emigrated with Muhammad to Medina. One group advocated for a companion closer in kinship to Muhammad, namely his cousin Ali, while another group, backed by new converts among the Qurayshite aristocracy, rallied behind Abu Bakr. The latter, with the key intervention of the prominent Muhajirun, Umar ibn al-Khattab and Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, overrode the Ansar and acceded. Khalid was a staunch supporter of Abu Bakr's succession. A report preserved in a work by the 13th-century scholar Ibn Abi'l-Hadid claims that Khalid was a partisan of Abu Bakr, opposed Ali's candidacy, and declared that Abu Bakr was "not a man about whom one needs enquire, and his character needs not be sounded out". Most tribes in Arabia, except those inhabiting the environs of Mecca, Medina and Ta'if discontinued their allegiance to the nascent Muslim state after Muhammad's death or had never established formal relations with Medina. Islamic historiography describes Abu Bakr's efforts to establish or reestablish Islamic rule over the tribes as the Ridda wars (wars against the 'apostates'). Views of the wars by modern historians vary considerably. Watt agrees with the Islamic characterization of the tribal opposition as anti-Islamic in nature ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 18 Jul 2022 09:18:28 -0400 From: "Destroy Tinnitus" Subject: Military Doctor Fixes Tinnitus Military Doctor Fixes Tinnitus http://silencils.za.com/IDEbgg0GWA_-cY6kBHY9bwDma81vSk8awgDz00TX2BKaWViMSQ http://silencils.za.com/SqxS0yKChsA-JbGsGLIgUTObxDXvQSgAVcwhcz2NaxCkMbDsQA With the Yamama pacified, Khalid marched northward toward Sasanian territory in Iraq (lower Mesopotamia). He reorganized his army, possibly because the bulk of the Muhajirun may have withdrawn to Medina. According to the historian Khalil Athamina, the remnants of Khalid's army consisted of nomadic Arabs from Medina's environs whose chiefs were appointed to replace the vacant command posts left by the sahaba ('companions' of Muhammad). The historian Fred Donner holds that the Muhajirun and the Ansar still formed the core of his army, along with a large proportion of nomadic Arabs likely from the Muzayna, Tayy, Tamim, Asad and Ghatafan tribes. The commanders of the tribal contingents appointed by Khalid were Adi ibn Hatim of the Tayy and Asim ibn Amr of the Tamim. He arrived at the southern Iraqi frontier with about 1,000 warriors in the late spring or early summer of 633. The focus of Khalid's offensive was the western banks of the Euphrates river and the nomadic Arabs who dwelt there. The details of the campaign's itinerary are inconsistent in the early Muslim sources, though Donner asserts that "the general course of Kha ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 18 Jul 2022 06:17:04 -0400 From: "Disney+ Rewards" Subject: Congratulations! You can get a $100 Disney+ gift card! Congratulations! You can get a $100 Disney+ gift card! http://disneysurvey.za.com/5GiTww2DVYL4njGPc3uzkPXKymDuhqwMDzV7pvOBofITLWBPtA http://disneysurvey.za.com/p2lNgwNvepOSccDVlqDi5emI92AJOO5idZgJjr7z5QudTpDE8w year 6 AH (c.?627) or 8 AH (c.?629) Khalid embraced Islam in Muhammad's presence alongside the Qurayshite Amr ibn al-As; the modern historian Michael Lecker comments that the accounts holding that Khalid and Amr converted in 8 AH are "perhaps more trustworthy". The historian Akram Diya Umari holds that Khalid and Amr embraced Islam and relocated to Medina following the Treaty of Hudaybiyya, apparently after the Quraysh dropped demands for the extradition of newer Muslim converts to Mecca. Following his conversion, Khalid "began to devote all his considerable military talents to the support of the new Muslim state", according to the historian Hugh N. Kennedy. Khalid participated in the expedition to Mu'ta in modern-day Jordan ordered by Muhammad in September 629. The purpose of the raid may have been to acquire booty in the wake of the Sasanian Persian army's retreat from Syria following its defeat by the Byzantine Empire in July. The Muslim detachment was routed by a Byzantine force consisting mostly of Arab tribesmen led by the Byzantine commander Theodore and several high-ranking Muslim commanders were slain. Khalid took command of the army following the deaths of the appointed commanders and, with considerable difficulty, oversaw a safe withdrawal of the Muslims. Muhammad rewarded Khalid by bestowing on him the honorary title Sayf Allah ('the Sword of God'). Ruins of a desert oasis town with palm groves in the backround The oasis town of Dumat al-Jandal (pictured in 2007). Khalid led an expedition against the city in 630, and may have led another expedition in 633 or 634, though modern historians have cast doubt about the latter campaign or Khalid's role in it. In December 629 or January 630, Khalid took part in Muhammad's capture of Mecca, after which most of the Quraysh converted to Islam. In that engagement Khalid led a nomadic c ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 18 Jul 2022 10:44:54 -0400 From: "Ear Wax Vertigo" Subject: Medications and surgery cure vertigo and dizziness. Medications and surgery cure vertigo and dizziness. http://vertigoanddizziness.za.com/0p4hJG5wN80IuPqUCYqjhGeOF1qa_x-A-RWt98HdVokfxGfkUg http://vertigoanddizziness.za.com/4ClbQYovzGPmQO77T_D5RjpFdVTjxj7UjEOjJjRdO2-nWIzNhQ om Ubulla's vicinity, Khalid marched up the western bank of the Euphrates where he clashed with the small Sasanian garrisons who guarded the Iraqi frontier from nomadic incursions. The clashes occurred at Dhat al-Salasil, Nahr al-Mar'a (a canal connecting the Euphrates with the Tigris immediately north of Ubulla), Madhar (a town several days north of Ubulla), Ullays (likely the ancient trade center of Vologesias) and Walaja. The last two places were in the vicinity of al-Hira, a predominantly Arab market town and the Sasanian administrative center for the middle Euphrates valley. Al-Hira's capture was the most significant gain of Khalid's campaign. After besting the city's Persian cavalry under the commander Azadhbih in minor clashes, Khalid and part of his army entered the unwalled city. Al-Hira's Arab tribal nobles, many of whom were Nestorian Christians with blood ties to the nomadic tribes on the city's western desert fringes, barricaded in their scattered fortified palaces. In the meantime, the other part of Khalid's army harried the villages in al-Hira's orbit, many of which were captured or capitulated on tributary terms with the Muslims. The Arab nobility of al-Hira surrendered in an agreement with Khalid whereby the city paid a tribute in return for assurances that al-Hira's churches and palaces would not be disturbed. The annual sum to be paid by al-Hira amounted to 60,000 or 90,000 silver dirhams, which Khalid forwarded to Medina, marking the first tribute the Caliphate received from Iraq. During the engagements in and around al-Hira, Khalid received key assistance from al-Muthanna ibn Haritha and his Shayban tribe, who had been raiding this frontier for a considerable period before Khalid's arrival, though it is not clear if al-Muthanna's earlier activities were linked to the nascent Muslim state. After Khalid departed, he left al-Muthanna in practical control of al-Hira and its vi ------------------------------ End of alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #9343 **********************************************