From: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org (alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest) To: ammf-digest@smoe.org Subject: alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #3062 Reply-To: ammf@fruvous.com Sender: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Errors-To: owner-ammf-digest@smoe.org Precedence: bulk alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest Sunday, December 24 2017 Volume 14 : Number 3062 Today's Subjects: ----------------- Knock knock.. Who's there? ["Consumer Review" Subject: Knock knock.. Who's there? Knock knock.. Who's there? http://cardianav.club/3HiuevQJj34Tu0zeo_FlzqBgjEIGrKuJTsX4HeIuH-6oeE7v http://cardianav.club/oueQxlQPIErsGigmNsE93hUNLqAK8LY1D2cVZ36XwfH8J5Gb The dates and circumstances of the end of Byzantine rule in Sardinia are not known. Direct central control was maintained at least through c. , after which local legates were empowered in the face of the rebellion of Gregory the Patrician, Exarch of Africa and the first invasion of the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb. There is some evidence that senior Byzantine administration in the Exarchate of Africa retreated to Caralis following the final fall of Carthage to the Arabs in . The loss of imperial control in Africa led to escalating raids by Moors and Berbers on the island, th]e first of which is documented in] , forcing increased military self-reliance in the province. Communication with the central government became daunting if not impossible during and after the Muslim conquest of Sicily between 2 and 2. A letter by Pope Nicholas I as early as mentions the "Sardinian judges", without reference to the empire and a letter by Pope John VIII (reigned 2b2) refers to them as principes ("princes"). By the time of De Administrando Imperio, completed in 2, the Byzantine authorities no longer listed Sardinia as an imperial province, suggesting they considered it lost. In all likelihood a local noble family acceded to the power,

still identifying themselves as vassals of the Byzantines, but de facto independent as communications with Constantinople were very difficult. We know only two names of those ]rulers, Salusios (N#N1N;N?O ON9N?O) and the protospatharios Turcoturios (TN?OON:N?ON?O ON9N?O) from two inscriptions), who probably reigned between the th and the th century. These rulers were still closely linked to the Byzantines, both for a pact of ancient vassalage, and from the ideological point of view, with the use of the Greek language (in a country of! the ro mance language), and the use of art of Byzantine inspiration.The medieval Basilica of San Gavino in Porto Torres2th century frescoes in the Basilica di Saccargia in CodrongianosIn the early th century, an attempt to conquer the island was made by Muslims based in S]pain. The only records of that war are from Pisan and Genoese chronicles. The Christians won, but after that, the previous Sardini]an kingdom was totally undermined and divided into four small giudicati: Cagliari (Calari), Arborea (Arbaree), Gallura, Torres or Logudoro.Whether this final transformation from imperial civil servant to independent sovereign resulted from imperial abandonment or local assertion, by the th century, the giudici (Sardinian: judikes / Latin: iudices, literally "judges", a Byzantine administrative title) had emerged as the autonomous rulers of Sardinia. The title of iudice changed with the language and local understanding of the position, becoming the Sardinian judike, essentially a king or sovereign, while giudicato (Sardinian: judicadu), literally bjudgeshipb or bjudicatureb, came to mean "state". A letter by Mieszko I of Poland to Pope John XV proves that the Giudicati were known even in Poland, and that they played an important role in Medieval Europe. ------------------------------ End of alt.music.moxy-fruvous digest V14 #3062 **********************************************